Here’s a step-by-step breakdown of the HTTP request lifecycle in FastAPI, a modern, fast (high-performance) web framework for building APIs with Python 3.7+ based on standard Python type hints.
1. Client Request
The lifecycle starts when a client (such as a web browser or a REST client) sends an HTTP request to your FastAPI application.
2. Web Server
The request first hits the web server (e.g., Uvicorn, a lightning-fast ASGI server used with FastAPI). Uvicorn receives the request and forwards it to the FastAPI application.
3. ASGI (Asynchronous Server Gateway Interface)
FastAPI applications are ASGI applications. ASGI serves as the standard for asynchronous Python web servers and applications to communicate.
4. Routing
FastAPI uses a routing system to determine which endpoint should handle the incoming request based on the URL and HTTP method (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, etc.).
The routing information is defined in the path decorators within the FastAPI application.
5. Dependency Injection
Before processing the request, FastAPI resolves any dependencies declared in the endpoint function. This allows you to manage dependencies such as database connections, configurations, and other resources cleanly and efficiently.
6. Request Validation
FastAPI validates the request data (query parameters, request bodies, etc.) using Pydantic models. If validation fails, FastAPI automatically generates and returns a clear HTTP error response.
7. Endpoint Execution
The matched endpoint (path operation function) is executed. This is where your business logic resides, such as querying a database, processing data, etc.
The endpoint returns a response object or data that will be serialized.
8. Response Serialization
FastAPI automatically serializes the returned data using Pydantic models. The data is converted to a JSON response (or other formats as needed).
9. Middleware Processing
Any registered middleware can process the request and response. Middleware can modify the request before it reaches the endpoint or modify the response before it is sent back to the client.
10. Return Response
The serialized response is returned to the ASGI server, which then sends it back to the web server.
Finally, the web server sends the HTTP response back to the client.
Example Diagram:
Client Request -> Web Server (Uvicorn) -> ASGI -> Routing -> Dependency Injection -> Request Validation -> Endpoint Execution -> Response Serialization -> Middleware -> ASGI -> Web Server -> Client Response
Example Code:
Here’s a simple example of a FastAPI application to demonstrate the lifecycle:
from fastapi import FastAPI, Depends, HTTPException
from pydantic import BaseModel
app = FastAPI()
# Pydantic model for request validation
class Item(BaseModel):
name: str
price: float
# Dependency
def get_database():
return "database_connection"
@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
async def read_item(item_id: int, db: str = Depends(get_database)):
# Simulate a database query
if item_id == 1:
return {"item_id": item_id, "name": "Item 1", "price": 10.5}
else:
raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Item not found")
@app.post("/items/")
async def create_item(item: Item):
# Process the item and save to database
return {"name": item.name, "price": item.price}
In this example:
The @app.get("/items/{item_id}") and @app.post("/items/") decorators define the routing.
The Item Pydantic model is used for request validation.
The get_database function is used as a dependency.
The response is automatically serialized and returned to the client.
This should give you a clear understanding of the FastAPI HTTP request lifecycle! Want to know more about any specific part?